In textbooks on differential geometry, the first fundamental form looks like $E^2+2FG+H^2$, and its length is calculated through the help of the dot product. However, the inner product did not exist. The analytic formula was known that $x_1x_2+y_1y_2+z_1z_2$ . Nor did the vector exist. So how did he prove it? Same story with the unit normal: in textbooks they use the cross product $r(u) \times r(v)$ But this did not exist either. Again, how did he manage to calculate it?
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2$\begingroup$ Try formatting it with MathJax $\endgroup$– Euler_SalterDec 26, 2016 at 20:36
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$\begingroup$ Who is "he" supposed to be? $\endgroup$– Danu ♦Dec 29, 2016 at 23:31
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