Here are some books I've enjoyed that have a lot of biographical information and context. Most are "popular" biographies, not in-depth scientific studies, however, books by Abraham Pais are exceptional and include good technical material. I also list Richard Rhodes, "The Making of the Atomic Bomb" since it is so in-depth and relevant to your question, I think. Rhodes's book is the first in an excellent series. I also include a book on J.C. Maxwell, though he's from the 19th century, he's such an important figure and the book is enjoyable. And I list a terrific biography on Newton because, in addition to the biographical material, it contains lots of good technical information.
And, I agree with the previous post, the book by Graham Farmelo on Dirac was excellent.
"Schrodinger: Life and Thought", by Walter J. Moore
"Planck: Driven by Vision, Broken by War", by Brandon R. Brow
"Beyond Uncertainty: Heisenberg, Quantum Physics, and The Bomb", by David Cassidy
"The Age of Entanglement: When Quantum Physics was Reborn", Louisa Gilder
"Quantum: Einstein, Bohr, and the Great Debate about the Nature of Reality", by Manjit Kumar
"The Pope of Physics: Enrico Fermi and the Birth of the Atomic Age", by Gino Segrè and Bettina Hoerlin
"Genius: The Life and Science of Richard Feynman", by James Gleick
"Henri Poincare: A Scientific Biography", by Jeremy Gray
"Niels Bohr's Times, In Physics, Philosophy, and Polity", by Abraham Pais
"Subtle is the Lord", Abraham Pais
"Inward Bound", by Abraham Pais
"Uncertainty: Einstein, Heisenberg, Bohr, and the Struggle for the Soul of Science", by David Lindley
"The Making of the Atomic Bomb", by Richard Rhodes
"The Man Who Changed Everything: The Life of James Clerk Maxwell by", by Basil Mahon
"Never at Rest: A Biography of Isaac Newton", by Richard S. Westfall