A lot would have changed. General relativity would have been discovered sooner. But this time with a velocity of light that was direction dependent. The universe would be rotating around the Earth. But relativity says that it could be viewed the other way round as Copernicus did. Newton's laws might not even have been discovered firstly. There would be no need for them. Relativity was already there! The heliocentric view of Copernicus could be considered. But the prevailing view would be that the Earth is in the center of it all. In the center of the "heelal", Dutch for "universe" ("whole all").
All other forms of science, apart from the heavenly, would have developed in the same way and probabky much sooner. But by other people. So thanks to the church science would have evolved more as it has now.
So maybe we would have lived in a world with much more advanced science and technology, a healthy planet, a less reductionist, and less materialistic view (which is not to say that material is less valid, only less contentive). Maybe the vision that the mind is an executed program working on data didn't took hold as it did in the present world (dataism). Maybe the brain was viewed as it is. An ongoing process in an ongoing body in an ongoing world that cannot be turned on and off like a computer. It could have been established that quarks and leptons are not fundamental and the Higgs particle is just a particle made up of the more (most) elementary stuff and that the Higgs mechanism is just an imaginary one.
Now I could write a lot more about how it could have been (for example that the gene-centered view on evolution could have been replaced by a view which puts the whole organism in the first place in which genes have a pure altruistic and secondary function or that maybe a deterministic view on quantum mechanics was the accepted view) but it will always be my speculation and airing of my personal view. Who knows for sure how the world would have looked like? Nobody.