The relevant publication seems to have been published across two annual volumes (for the years 1770 and 1771, but likely printed in 1773) of the Proceedings of the Royal Academy of Science and Literature in Berlin. At present, I have not been able to find a scan of the actual publication, but it is reproduced in the third volume of the collected works of Lagrange published in 1869:
J. Lagrange, "Réflexions sur la résolution algébrique des équations",
Nouveaux Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Berlin, années 1770 et 1771. In: J.-A. Serret (ed.), Oeuvres de Lagrange, vol. 3, Paris: Gauthier-Villars 1869, pp. 205-421
The Gallica digital repository of the Bibliothèque nationale de France (BNF) provides a scan of the volume online. Continuing my search for the original source, I found the first part of the publication here:
J. Lagrange, "Réflexions sur la résolution algébrique des équations",
Nouveaux Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Berlin, 1770 (1772), pp. 134-215 (Google scan online).
At long last, I also managed to locate the second part of the original publication:
J. Lagrange, "Suite des Réflexions sur la Résolution algébrique des Équations", Nouveaux Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences et Belles-Lettres de Berlin, 1771 (1773), pp. 138-253 (Google scan online).