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Another example of a "remarkable achievement of hand calculation" was in the field of mathematical astronomy. During 1758, Alexis Clairaut and his collaborators in Paris worked to refine Edmond Hall …

("How did Huygens derive the conservation law for of kinetic energy?") Huygens in 'The Motion of Colliding Bodies' (English translation) contributed ingenious reasoning, mathematics and thought-exper …

The first main point to make in answer is : beware Newton myths -- there are far too many of them, and people have made money and (flaky) reputations fabricating catchpenny fake history about Newton. …

There's a notable problem of shortage of historical evidence for the way in which Copernicus came to his theories. His earliest work that described his heliocentric concept is known as the 'Commentari …

tradition and theory of proportion dating back to Euclid is explained by N Guicciardini in "Mathematics and the New Sciences", chapter 8, (esp. sec. 8.3.2 (p.232-233) in 'Oxford Handbook of the History of Physics …

In Newton's time, it was not general practice to define physical units. There were in general no equations, no constants of proportionality. This seems to be explained in terms of the practice of expr …

The results gave a probable verification of the predictions of general relativity about the amount of gravitational light-bending -- differing from the amount predicted by classical physics. … His clear and wide ideas will for ever retain their significance as the foundation on which our modern conceptions of physics have been built." …

The article cited by the questioner incorrectly represents the limited amount of historical evidence that we have about the incident described. When the article is compared with the evidence, it can …

One of the Einstein-related subjects of perennial interest is in the relations between relativistic and classical physics. …

I agree with the trend of the comments, and believe that in most cases Newton was trying to write straightforwardly even where we might find difficulty, perhaps partly owing to the lapse of time and c …

They are usually expressed nowadays, especially in modern physics textbooks, in a way that looks very different indeed than their original expression by Newton. …

(1) Newton's consideration of the two-body problem includes right from the start his statement and proof of the planar character of the motion in space, in his first two propositions of the Principia, …

Q: "In Newton's time, were observations accurate enough to corroborate that the Sun orbits the common center of mass of Sun-Jupiter?" If the question means to ask for observational corroboration of a …

Fortunately there is some documentary evidence about Archimedes' discovery, in his work "On Floating Bodies", which survives in manuscript forms (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/On_Floating_Bodies). Fro …

The meaning of saying that gravitation is 'universal', as in the question posed in at least the title, is sometimes misunderstood. It refers primarily to the appreciation that all massive bodies attra …